Students' online learning experiences and the impact of the digital divide on students' access to online courses during the COVID-19 pandemic at a university in the southwestern part of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way of learning in higher education institutions (HEIs). Most HEIs shifted the way of learning from traditional learning to online learning. However, the crisis had raised a critical question regarding the impact of the digital divide on students learning. Access to technology such as computers, the Internet, and having enough digital skills become more important than ever to ensure that all students have equal learning opportunities. This dissertation aimed to investigate students' online learning experiences, the impact of the digital divide on their access to online courses, and the challenges and obstacles students faced during the COVID-19 pandemic in the College of Education at a public university in southwest the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The qualitative case study method was used for this dissertation. Data was collected through semi-structured online interviews with 12 undergraduate and graduate students from the College of Education at a public university in the southwest the KSA. Findings revealed that participants showed positive online learning experiences because of the advantages of online learning, such as flexibility and convenience. On the other hand, participants also shared negative experiences due to the challenges and obstacles that negatively impacted their online learning experiences, such as the lack of interaction, inappropriate online courses design, online teaching methods, time management, psychological and social symptoms, and accessibility issues. The findings could help instructional designers, instructors, and higher education administrations understand students' online learning experiences during COVID-19 and help promote and improve students' online learning experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Thrombose des veines hépatiques après la vaccination anti-COVID-19

Différents types d'effets indésirables des vaccins ont été décrits. La thrombose est l'un des effets indésirables les plus graves et les plus atypiques du vaccin anti-COVID-19. Nous rapportons un cas de thrombose des veines hépatiques après le vaccin anti-COVID-19 avec insuffisance hépatique. Nous rapportons le cas d'un patient de 26 ans ayant des antécédents médicaux de colite ulcéreuse (actuellement en rémission clinique et endoscopique). Il a été hospitalisé pour des vomissements et un ictère cutanéomuqueux durant 15 jours. L'interrogatoire du patient a révélé que cette symptomatologie est survenue 4 jours après le vaccin anti-COVID (Moderna). Nous avons constaté une altération de l'état général (anorexie, asthénie et perte de poids), un ictère cutanéomuqueux et un œdème généralisé. La biologie a montré une numération de la formule sanguine normale, une protéine C-réactive élevée à 112 mg/L et une vitesse de sédimentation à 35 mm 1re h. Il y avait des cytolyses avec une insuffisance hépatique (AST : 1880 UI/L [47 N] ;ALT : 620 UI/L [11 N] ;Bil T : 15 ;GGT : 247 ;PAL : 112 taux de prothrombine : 19 %;albuminémie : 19 g/L). Un scanner abdominal a montré une thrombose proximale complète des veines sus-hépatiques, une thrombose partielle de la branche portale gauche et une thrombose partielle de la veine splénique. L'enquête étiologique a éliminé une thrombophilie constitutionnelle et acquise (protéine C, protéine S ;anti-thrombine III ;résistance à la protéine C activée, anticorps antiphospholipides) ;une cause néoplasique (aucun signe clinique ni radiologique [scanner TAP]) ;et des causes inflammatoires (la colite ulcéreuse était en rémission). Le diagnostic de thrombose post-vaccinale a été retenu et confirmé par une enquête de pharmacovigilance. Le patient a été traité par un traitement anticoagulant avec une amélioration clinique complète. La normalisation du bilan hépatique a été obtenue après 2 mois de traitement. Le suivi global est de 12 mois. Le site de thrombose le plus touché était le système veineux cérébral, ce qui est confirmé par les observations de la littérature. L'atteinte de la circulation portale est également fréquente. L'atteinte concomitante des veines sus-hépatiques et des veines portales avec insuffisance hépatique comme c'est le cas de notre patient n'a pas été rapportée. (French) [ FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasting Sales Profiles of Products in an Exceptional Context: COVID-19 Pandemic

Accurate demand forecasting has always been essential for retailers in order to be able to survive in the highly competitive, volatile modern market. However, anticipating product demand is an extremely difficult task in the context of short product life cycles in which consumer demand is influenced by many heterogeneous variables. During the COVID-19 pandemic in particular, with all its related new constraints, the fashion industry has seen a huge decline in sales, which makes it difficult for existing sales forecasting methods to accurately predict new product sales. This paper proposes an original sales forecasting framework capable of considering the effect of the COVID-19 related crisis on sales. The proposed framework combines clustering, classification, and regression. The main goals of this framework are (1) to predict a sales pattern for each item based on its attributes and (2) to correct it by modelling the impact of the crisis on sales. We evaluate our proposed framework using a real-world dataset of a French fashion retailer with Omnichannel sales. Despite the fact that during the lockdown period online sales were still possible, consumer purchases were significantly impacted by this crisis. Experimental analysis show that our methodology learns the impact of the crisis on consumer behavior from online sales, and then, adapts the sales forecasts already obtained.

A perspective influence of the Epsilon variant of COVID-19 on Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met leads to the emergence of human papilloma virus-Gueye, which is wrongly described as monkey pox

A perspective study discussed how the epsilon variant of COVID-19 induced mutation to the existed human papilloma virus via mutagenic cadmium content of the COVID-19, and arsenic content of epsilon variant lead to appearance of new strain of human papilloma virus, we named it Human Papilloma Virus-Gueye. As this virus is most common among gay men, and due to the absence of infection with it among HIV-controlled patients. We suggest that this virus disturbs Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met which is the region which is responsible for male sexual orientation and has been linked to executive dysfunction, which might increase sexual risk behaviours favouring HIV transmission, which is damaged by mycotoxin of myecetoma fungal species and by cadmium contents of epsilon variant of COVID-19. We conclude that COVID-19 is not hazardous just because of its severe symptoms, but also because of its action as a mutagen on other microbes that may be present in a subclinical state. Also, we suggest that immunization against COVID-19 may lead to unexpected complications, especially mutations in other microbes. Finally, we claim that the scientific community named it monkey pox. Even among individuals who do not travel to the endemic, it is just mutant form of Human Papilloma virus.

Applications of nanoengineered therapeutics and vaccines: special emphasis on COVID-19

Nanomedicine provides innovative strategies that had significantly improved drug and gene delivery and allowed control over the engineering of therapeutics, diagnostics, vaccines, and other medical devices, for a diversity of medical applications. This review focuses on the current attempts to develop potent nanoengineered vaccines and therapeutics against coronaviruses, and the recent fabrication strategies and design principles to control acute infections from the escalating SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Nanomedical approaches provide versatile platforms that can be utilized to enhance the overall potency, safety, and stability of vaccines, thus augmenting the desired immune response. Their modulable conformational features of size, shape, surface charge, antigen display, and composition allow for precise tuning and optimization of the nanoconstructs for the management of a variety of diseases and pathological conditions. The ability to control the release of their encapsulated cargoes and the possibility of surface decoration with various moieties support the construction of multifunctional nanomaterials that ultimately boost and prolong the immune response elicited and/or therapeutic effects, selectively at the diseased tissues and target sites. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

ADAM10 and ADAM17 promote SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and spike protein-mediated lung cell fusion.

The severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19, but host cell factors contributing to COVID-19 pathogenesis remain only partly understood. We identify the host metalloprotease ADAM17 as a facilitator of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and the metalloprotease ADAM10 as a host factor required for lung cell syncytia formation, a hallmark of COVID-19 pathology. ADAM10 and ADAM17, which are broadly expressed in the human lung, cleave the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) in vitro, indicating that ADAM10 and ADAM17 contribute to the priming of S, an essential step for viral entry and cell fusion. ADAM protease-targeted inhibitors severely impair lung cell infection by the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern alpha, beta, delta, and omicron and also reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection of primary human lung cells in a TMPRSS2 protease-independent manner. Our study establishes ADAM10 and ADAM17 as host cell factors for viral entry and syncytia formation and defines both proteases as potential targets for antiviral drug development.

In silico identification of potential SARS COV-2 2′-O-methyltransferase inhibitor: fragment-based screening approach and MM-PBSA calculations† † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01809d

In the present era, there are many efforts trying to face the emerging and successive waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. This has led to considering new and unusual targets for SARS CoV-2. 2′-O-Methyltransferase (nsp16) is a key and attractive target in the SARS CoV-2 life cycle since it is responsible for the viral RNA protection via a cap formation process. In this study, we propose a new potential inhibitor for SARS COV-2 2′-O-methyltransferase (nsp16). A fragment library was screened against the co-crystal structure of the SARS COV-2 2′-O-methyltransferase complexed with Sinefungin (nsp16 – PDB ID: 6WKQ), and consequently the best proposed fragments were linked via a de novo approach to build molecule AP-20. Molecule AP-20 displayed a superior docking score to Sinefungin and reproduced the key interactions in the binding site of 2′-O-methyltransferase. Three molecular dynamic simulations of the 2′-O-methyltransferase apo structure and its complexed forms with AP-20 and Sinefungin were performed for 150 nano-seconds to provide insights on the dynamic nature of such setups and to assess the stability of the proposed AP-20/enzyme complex. AP-20/enzyme complex demonstrated better stability for the ligand–enzyme complex compared to Sinefungin in a respective setup. Furthermore, MM-PBSA binding free energy calculations showed a better profile for AP-20/enzyme complex compared to Sinefungin/enzyme complex emphasizing the potential inhibitory effect of AP-20 on SARS COV-2 2′-O-methyltransferase. We endorse our designed molecule AP-20 to be further explored via experimental evaluations to confront the spread of the emerging COVID-19. Also, in silico ADME profiling has ascribed to AP-20 an excellent safety and metabolic stability profile. The identification of AP-20 as a potential SARS COV-2 2′-O-methyltransferase inhibitor: fragment-based screening approach and MM-PBSA calculations.

MOLECULAR AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON COVID-19 OVERALL AND IRAQ ESPECIALLY AL-ANBAR PROVINCE AS A MODEL

COVID-19 is the virus that engulfed the globe in the year 2020 that caused many deaths and disrupted countries' economies. In this report, we reviewed all aspects to explain the subjects, where we performed a systematic and thorough report of the Covid-19 outbreak, its medical conditions, its sources, diagnosis and prevention mechanisms and available methods of treatment. This also discussed the epidemiological situation in Iraq and the distribution of the province of Anbar as a sample for the report. Overall, from all of this analysis we conclude that epidemiology, virology, COVID-19 clinical is still enigmatic and that (viral) epidemics occasionally kill humanity, so we need a broader understanding of viruses.

MOLECULAR AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON COVID-19 IN IRAQ

COVID-19 is the virus that engulfed the globe in the year 2020 that caused many deaths and disrupted countries' economies. In this report, we reviewed all aspects to explain the subjects, where we performed a systematic and thorough report of the Covid-19 outbreak, its medical conditions, its sources, diagnosis, and prevention mechanisms and available methods of treatment. This also discussed the epidemiological situation in Iraq and the distribution of the province of Anbar as a sample for the report. Overall, from all of this analysis we conclude that epidemiology, virology, COVID-19 clinical is still enigmatic and that (viral) epidemics occasionally kill humanity, so we need a broader understanding of viruses.

Assessment of Knowledge and Skills on Covid-19 among Frontline Nurses in Zanzibar: Baseline Data from Quasi-Experimental Study (preprint)

Background: Covid-19 is one of the most serious pandemic outbreaks in history the world ever experienced. Its emergency and reemergence poses a substantial threat to nurses who often get close contact with patients, their knowledge and skills on managing the suspected and confirmed cases serve the foundation for positive response toward the outbreak; thus this study aimed at assessing the knowledge and skills of Zanzibar nurses on Covid-19Methods: A descriptive cross-section web-based survey was conducted in a set of 139 nurses from Zanzibar to assess their knowledge and skills for the covid-19 pandemic outbreak. Multistage sampling was employed to select the regions, hospitals and final the participants. Computer-generated questionnaires with a total of 50 items were used to collect information on the recruited respondents; data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The assessment of knowledge and skills on covid-19 among frontline nurses from Zanzibar indicate that; the overall mean score knowledge of all respondents was (20.7±3.06) ranged from 13-26 while the overall cognitive skills scores were (20.69±3.06) ranged from 8-18. Age, level of education and working experience were found to be a significant predictor for both knowledge and skills on covid-19 at the level of 5% while working at the referral was only significant to skill. Conclusion: The participants were knowledgeable and skilled regarding the topic of interest however this competence wasn’t directly associated with the study domain of covid-19 rather were significantly associated with other domains related to nursing activities such as IPC and general nursing care.

Factors and Determinants for Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccine in a Medical University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an infection that is caused by the novel coronavirus. COVID-19 has severely affected the public health by causing more than 200 million cases and four million deaths worldwide. There are, presently, no specific antiviral treatments for COVID-19. As immunization is one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions to prevent this infectious disease, a number of vaccines, around 112, have been developed. In Saudi Arabia, many vaccination campaigns have already started. There are currently four approved COVID-19 vaccines but only three are available for use in Saudi Arabia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which a web-based survey was distributed to medical students in their clinical years at the College of Medicine in King Saud bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 209 questionnaires were distributed. The survey assessed the demographic data, perception towards COVID-19 vaccine, barriers and predictors for accepting COVID-19 vaccine. Results Two-hundred and four respondents completed the survey with a response rate of 96.7%. Overall, 118 of the participants were males and 86 were females. Sixty-six percent of our participants had taken the vaccine. Of those, males and females were distributed equally in half. Fifty-three percent of the participants who had taken the vaccine aged 21-23. This age group had a significant effect on acceptance of the vaccine. Most common deterrent to taking COVID-19 vaccine was safety issues despite not having a statistical significance. In terms of motivators, the majority thought that fear of getting COVID-19 infection was the most important motivator to taking COVID-19 vaccine, which was statistically significant as well. Conclusion In the setting of spreading COVID-19 infection, the vaccine is still the solution to halting infection spread. Based on our findings, we see that there was a high acceptance rate (66.2%) of COVID-19 vaccine.

Investigating students' behavioral intention to use mobile learning in higher education in UAE during Coronavirus-19 pandemic

The study explores the impacts of fear emotions on technology adoption by teachers and students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mobile learning (ML) has been considered an educational, social platform in private and public higher education institutes. Since several fears are connected with COVID-19, this study's key hypotheses are related to how COVID-19 influences Mobile Learning (ML) adoption. Educators, teachers, and students may face some common types of fear in the course of the coronavirus pandemic, such as fear of losing social relationships, fear of educational loss and failure, and fear because of the lockdown of the family in the prevailing circumstances. Different theoretical models, named Expectation-Confirmation Model (ECM) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), are combined to develop an integrated model for this study. The proposed model was analyzed with the development of a questionnaire survey. The survey served as a data collection instrument to collect data from students of the University of Sharjah in Sharjah city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Three hundred twenty undergraduate students participated in the study. The collected data was evaluated using the partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The significant predictors revealed by experimental results included perceived fear, perceived ease of use, expectation confirmation, satisfaction, and perceived usefulness, explaining the intention to use the mobile learning platform. According to our study, teaching and learning can be benefitted to a great extent by the adoption of mobile learning (ML) during this pandemic for educational purposes;however, this process may be negatively affected by the fear of future educational results, fear of losing social relations and fear of stressful family situations. Therefore, appropriate student evaluation may be conducted to overcome the emotional distress caused by the pandemic effectively. © 2021 by the authors;licensee Growing Science, Canada.

The challenges of online english language teaching from efl instructors’ point of view in kku, tehama campus during covid 19 period

—Spreading of COVID 19 in the whole world affected all fields of life in general and education in specific;this study aims at finding out the challenges of online teaching from EFL instructors' point of view at KKU/ Tehama campus during the COVID 19 period in the field of 1-Quality of teaching.2 Students' interaction. 3-Results of Authentic learning outcome. 4-Instructors’ planning and correction load 5-Macro and Micro skills. A questionnaire is used to collect the data from instructors who work in Tehama. The researchers used the descriptive-analytical approach. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The finding of this study reflected many challenges of online teaching from Instructors perspectives, such as the difficulty of reflecting desired learning outcomes due to multiple attempts and students cheating, which results in high marks in grading, interaction problems between instructors and students, multi-tasks that are added to instructors burden beside many other challenges that affect EFL teaching. © 2021, Academy Publisher. All rights reserved.

Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health and Professional Psychomotor Skills of Dental Students.

PURPOSE: To estimate dental students' self-perception of mental well-being (MWB) and its effects on their clinical psychomotor skills (CPS) once they (or their family members) get infected with COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional (n =268) study from a public dental college in Riyadh. We collected data on MWB and CPS. An 18-item online survey was used to collect the responses from the participants. The inter-rater reliability for the finalised survey came out to be 0.86. RESULTS: The participants (54.3%) who were infected with COVID-19 recorded that their CPS were significantly affected (almost 4 times higher) as compared to others (OR= 4.02; P=0.0004). However, 42.2% reported infection control measures at clinics resulted in bringing significant (OR=2.22, P=0.04) psychological upsets, for those who were infected with COVID-19. Participants (45.1%) also reported that they have difficulty in recalling old memories or information due to the COVID-19 pandemic; among them, 46.7% were the ones who (and/or any family member) were exposed to COVID-19. CONCLUSION: The study spotlighted the extent of dental students' MWB and its significant effect on their CPS once (themselves or a family member) infected with COVID-19. Moreover, levels of infection control measures at clinics resulted in psychological upsets for dental students. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The issue is fundamental as participants enter the clinical workforce and face the ever-increasing demands of dental practice.

In silico identification of potential SARS COV-2 2'-O-methyltransferase inhibitor: fragment-based screening approach and MM-PBSA calculations.

In the present era, there are many efforts trying to face the emerging and successive waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. This has led to considering new and unusual targets for SARS CoV-2. 2'-O-Methyltransferase (nsp16) is a key and attractive target in the SARS CoV-2 life cycle since it is responsible for the viral RNA protection via a cap formation process. In this study, we propose a new potential inhibitor for SARS COV-2 2'-O-methyltransferase (nsp16). A fragment library was screened against the co-crystal structure of the SARS COV-2 2'-O-methyltransferase complexed with Sinefungin (nsp16 - PDB ID: 6WKQ), and consequently the best proposed fragments were linked via a de novo approach to build molecule AP-20. Molecule AP-20 displayed a superior docking score to Sinefungin and reproduced the key interactions in the binding site of 2'-O-methyltransferase. Three molecular dynamic simulations of the 2'-O-methyltransferase apo structure and its complexed forms with AP-20 and Sinefungin were performed for 150 nano-seconds to provide insights on the dynamic nature of such setups and to assess the stability of the proposed AP-20/enzyme complex. AP-20/enzyme complex demonstrated better stability for the ligand-enzyme complex compared to Sinefungin in a respective setup. Furthermore, MM-PBSA binding free energy calculations showed a better profile for AP-20/enzyme complex compared to Sinefungin/enzyme complex emphasizing the potential inhibitory effect of AP-20 on SARS COV-2 2'-O-methyltransferase. We endorse our designed molecule AP-20 to be further explored via experimental evaluations to confront the spread of the emerging COVID-19. Also, in silico ADME profiling has ascribed to AP-20 an excellent safety and metabolic stability profile.

Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on an Ongoing pragmatic Pediatric clinical trial

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic has a significant negative impact on clinical trials. Therefore, maintaining an optimal trial conduct should be considered to minimize risks to trial integrity while ensuring the safety of trial staff and participants. In this study, we aimed to describe the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on conducting an ongoing clinical trial, along with challenges and solutions encountered and required to continue the trial. Methods: This Phase IV pragmatic randomized superiority controlled open‑label trial included children with epilepsy receiving Vitamin D supplementation at King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (clinicaltrials. gov registration number: NCT03536845). Children with epilepsy receiving chronic antiepileptic medications and with normal baseline 25‑hydroxyvitamin D level were randomized to receive cholecalciferol 400 IU/day versus 1000 IU/day for 6 months. The primary outcome was the percentage of children with Vitamin D insufficiency at 6 months. The secondary outcomes included seizure control, bone mineral density, and safety. Results: Under COVID‑19 public health emergency measures, exceptional methods were used, such as telemedicine, home visit for blood extractions, shipping of the study medication to the patient’s home, using reminder text messages to follow patients’ compliance, and using privacy‑compliant platforms to connect the research team members. Conclusion: During the widespread pandemic, ethical dilemmas are of major concern, especially when conducting trials on vulnerable age groups. Therefore, actions should be proportionate and based on benefit‑risk considerations, affecting the risk of bias from protocol deviation and overall results. © 2021 Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine.

Virtual Screening and Molecular Docking Studies for Discovery of Potential RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors

The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Globally, this pandemic has affected over 111 million individuals and posed many health and economic challenges. Much research effort is dedicated to discovering new treatments to address the associated challenges and restrict the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Since SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-strand RNA virus, its replication requires the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme. In this study, we report the discovery of new potential RdRp enzyme inhibitors based on computer modeling and simulation methodologies. The antiviral ZINC database was utilized for covalent docking virtual screening followed by molecular interaction analyses based on reported hot spots within the RdRp binding pocket (PDB: 7BV2). Eleven molecules, ZINC000014944915, ZINC000027556215, ZINC000013556344, ZINC000003589958, ZINC000003833965, ZINC000001642252, ZINC000028525778, ZINC000027557701, ZINC000013781295, ZINC000001651128 and ZINC000013473324, were shown to have the highest binding interactions. These molecules were further assessed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) studies. The results showed that all 11 molecules except ZINC000027557701 formed stable complexes with the viral RdRp and fell within the accepted ADMET parameters. The identified molecules can be used to design future potential RdRp inhibitors.

Mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A singleinstitution analysis

INTRODUCTION: To identify characteristics and comorbidities as correlative factors in risk assessment for disease severity in mechanically ventilated patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 at a single hospital institution and the uses of these factors and outcomes to determine correlative risk for mortality. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients who were admitted at Flushing Hospital Medical Center with confirmed infection of SARS-CoV-2 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, admitted between March 1, 2020 and May 8, 2020 and their outcomes were followed through May 31, 2020. Patient data was reviewed retrospectively through accessing electronic medical records (EPIC) and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: A total of 192 patients were included [Mean age ± SD (66.43±13.67)]. Among these patients 67.2% were male and 32.8% were female. Various co-morbidities and lab parameters were assessed as a risk for mortality and outcomes. The number of expired patients was 149 (77.6%), 35 (18.2%) remained alive and the status of 8 (4.2%) patients was missing as they were transferred to another facility. These patients had a mean (SD) BMI of 28.34 (6.5). Commonly presenting symptoms included shortness of breath (62.5%), cough (50%) and fever (47.9%). During the course of hospitalization 27 (14.1%) patients were transferred to another facility for further care due to limited availability of beds. Median duration of intubation was 7 days (minimum 3, maximum 52). Among all the patients who expired, 52.2% had severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 30.9% had moderate ARDS and 11% had mild ARDS. Most common complications were acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis (13%) and arrhythmia (12.5%). Median number of days of hospitalization before expiration was 10 days (minimum 0, maximum 61). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides characteristics and co-morbidities of mechanically ventilated patients and their outcomes including overall mortality. Hypertension, diabetes and presence of more than one comorbidity was associated with significant increase in mortality. Administration of hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and methylprednisolone was not found to have a significant effect on outcome and mortality.

Multilevel proteomics reveals host perturbations by SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV.

The emergence and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the urgent need for an in-depth understanding of molecular functions of viral proteins and their interactions with the host proteome. Several individual omics studies have extended our knowledge of COVID-19 pathophysiology1-10. Integration of such datasets to obtain a holistic view of virus-host interactions and to define the pathogenic properties of SARS-CoV-2 is limited by the heterogeneity of the experimental systems. Here we report a concurrent multi-omics study of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Using state-of-the-art proteomics, we profiled the interactomes of both viruses, as well as their influence on the transcriptome, proteome, ubiquitinome and phosphoproteome of a lung-derived human cell line. Projecting these data onto the global network of cellular interactions revealed crosstalk between the perturbations taking place upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV at different levels and enabled identification of distinct and common molecular mechanisms of these closely related coronaviruses. The TGF-ß pathway, known for its involvement in tissue fibrosis, was specifically dysregulated by SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 and autophagy was specifically dysregulated by SARS-CoV-2 ORF3. The extensive dataset (available at https://covinet.innatelab.org ) highlights many hotspots that could be targeted by existing drugs and may be used to guide rational design of virus- and host-directed therapies, which we exemplify by identifying inhibitors of kinases and matrix metalloproteases with potent antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2.